Indicadores para a avaliação do processo transfusional: revisão integrativa* / Indicadores para la evaluación del proceso transfusional: revisión integradora / Transfusion process assessment indicators: integrative review

Objetivo: identificar os indicadores relacionados ao processo transfusional. Método: revisão integrativa de literatura realizada entre março e maio de 2022, em nove fontes de informação no período de 2001 a 2021. Como estratégia de busca, utilizaram-se os descritores "Indicadores de Qualidade em Assistência à Saúde", "Indicadores de Serviços", "Indicadores Básicos de Saúde", "Serviço de Hemoterapia", "Transfusão de Sangue", "Segurança do Sangue", com os operadores boleanos "AND" e "OR" em três idiomas, sendo analisados 49 artigos. Resultados: foram identificados 53 indicadores, os quais se agruparam para: gestão do estoque de hemocomponentes, de produção do processo transfusional, para avaliação do processo transfusional e de suporte do processo transfusional. Conclusão: os indicadores identificados possibilitam avaliação do processo transfusional, apesar de atividades, como a avaliação do cuidado, apresentarem poucos indicadores, evidenciando a necessidade de estudos sobre a temática e construção de novos indicadores para dar sustentação à avaliação mais aprimorada do processo transfusional.

Objective: to identify transfusion-related indicators. Method: an integrative literature review carried out between March and May 2022, in nine sources of information from 2001 to 2021. As a search strategy, the descriptors "Quality Indicators in Health Care", "Service Indicators", "Basic Health Indicators", "Hemotherapy Service", "Blood Transfusion", "Blood Safety" were used, with Boolean operators "AND" and "OR" in three languages, with 49 articles being analyzed. Results: a total of 53 indicators were identified, which were grouped for: blood component stock management, transfusion process production, transfusion process assessment and transfusion process support. Conclusion: the identified indicators make it possible to assess the transfusion process, although activities, such as care assessment, present few indicators, highlighting the need for studies on the subject and the construction of new indicators to support a more improved transfusion process assessment.

Objetivo: identificar indicadores relacionados con el proceso de transfusión. Método: revisión integrativa de la literatura, realizada entre marzo y mayo de 2022, en nueve fuentes de información de 2001 a 2021. Como estrategia de busca, se utilizaron los descriptores "Indicadores de Calidad en la Atención de Salud", "Indicadores de Servicio", "Indicadores Básicos de Salud", "Servicio de Hemoterapia", "Transfusión de Sangre", "Seguridad de la Sangre", con operadores booleanos "AND" y "OR" en tres idiomas, analizando 49 artículos. Resultados: se identificaron 53 indicadores, los cuales fueron agrupados en: gestión del stock de hemocomponentes, producción del proceso transfusional, evaluación del proceso transfusional y apoyo al proceso transfusional. Conclusión: los indicadores identificados posibilitan la evaluación del proceso transfusional, aunque actividades, como la evaluación del cuidado, presenten pocos indicadores, destacando la necesidad de estudios sobre el tema y la construcción de nuevos indicadores que apoyen una evaluación más perfeccionada del proceso de transfusión.

Comparative analysis of hematological parameters of first-time and repeat blood donors: Experience of a blood bank in southern Nigeria

ABSTRACT Introduction: The safety of a blood transfusion practice is anchored on safe blood from a healthy donor, while further protecting the donor from future harm. This study aimed to evaluate the hematological parameters of blood donors in view of their donor category to aid in assessing the safety threshold in terms of donation frequency. Methods: This study made use of the descriptive cross-sectional design. The blood donors were bled and their samples analyzed using a hematology autoanalyzer. Results: A total of 178 male blood donors were recruited. Most of the donors were aged 18 to 39 years and were mostly students. A greater part of them were repeat donors who had donated blood more than four times. First- and second-time donors constituted the majority of the voluntary donors. While the total red cell count was significantly lower in repeat third-time donors, the hemoglobin and hematocrit of the first-time donors were significantly higher than those of the repeat fourth-time donors. The mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) of the first-time donors were significantly higher than those of the repeat fifth-time donors. The red cell distribution width (RDW) and mean platelet volume (MPV) were significantly lower in the first-time donors from those of the sixth- and seventh-time donors, respectively. Most of the fifth-time donors have subclinical anemia. There was more subclinical anemia in commercial donors than in voluntary donors. Conclusion: Repeat donors more than fifth-time donors are at risk of donation-induced iron deficiency anemia.

COVID-19 pandemic and blood transfusion services: The impact, response and preparedness experience of a tertiary care blood center in southern Karnataka, India

Abstract Introduction With the outbreak of COVID-19 and its containment measures, blood centers faced a huge challenge in balancing blood demand and supply and devising a preparedness plan to withstand the uncertain situation. This study assesses the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on blood transfusion services and discusses the appropriate mitigation strategies adopted. Methods We analyzed our center's blood transfusion services during the first half-period of the pandemic (Y3) and non-pandemic years 2018(Y1) and 2019(Y2) in two-quarters Q1 (pre-lockdown), from January to March and Q2 (post-lockdown), from April to June. The blood donation variables, the packed red blood cells (PRBCs) demand and the utilization pattern were compared between pandemic (Y3) and non-pandemic years (Y1 and Y2) in each quarter. The mitigation strategy adopted at every step of the transfusion service is highlighted. Results During post-lockdown (Q2) of the pandemic year (Y3), the blood donation was majorly by repeat donors (83%) from the in-house site (82.5%). Furthermore, the proportion of outdoor donation, deferral, blood collection, demand and issue demonstrated a significant drop of 50%, 32.6%, 33%, 31.8% and 32.3%, respectively, in comparison to Q2 of the non-pandemic years (Y1 and Y2), with a statistically significant difference for surgical and hemorrhagic indications (p < 0.05). Coping strategies, such as blood donor education and motivation using e-platforms emphasizing eligibility during the pandemic, staggering of donor in-flow, postponement of elective surgeries and donor and staff' COVID-19 safety assurance, were followed. Conclusion The timely adoption of coping strategies played a crucial role in the better handling of shortcomings at our center's blood transfusion services caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Blood culture contamination in the departments of paediatrics and child health at two tertiary training hospitals in central South Africa

Background. Bloodstream infections are an important cause of mortality in children. Blood cultures (BCs) remain the primary means of identifying organisms and their antibiotic susceptibility profiles. A shortcoming of BCs is that up to 56% of positive cultures will represent contaminants. Poor adherence to standard practices applicable to BC sampling could explain an unacceptable contamination rate. Objectives. To determine: (i) the BC contamination rate in the departments of paediatrics and child health at two tertiary hospitals in central South Africa; and (ii) BC sampling practices among paediatric clinicians. Methods. The author determined the prevalence of BC contamination by analysis of laboratory data for the period 1 May - 27 August 2019, and assessed possible factors contributing to BC contamination by surveying paediatric medical staff with a self-administered BC practices questionnaire. Results. Of the 244 BCs reviewed, 25.4% were positive. The most commonly isolated pathogens were coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) (33.3%), Escherichia coli (22.2%), Enterococcus faecium (16.7%) and Acinetobacter baumannii (11.1%). In total, 15.2% of the BCs yielded contaminants and 2.9% had polymicrobial growth. The most common contaminant was CoNS. Approximately 68% of clinicians were not aware of BC sampling guidelines, and even among those who were aware of the guidelines, non-compliance was reported. Conclusions. The BC contamination rate was higher than internationally accepted rates. Educating clinicians on specific BC sampling guidelines is strongly recommended to decrease the high rate of contamination observed in this study.

Em busca do melhor aproveitamento de bolsas de concentrado de hemácia de baixo volume / In search of the best use of bags low-volume red blood cells concentrate

RESUMO: Introdução: A produção de bolsas de sangue total com volume inferior ao esperado é prevista na Portaria de Consolidação no 05/2017, porém, a sua dispensação hoje leva em consideração apenas o teor de hemoglobinas e hematócrito da bolsa. Objetivo: Determinar, a partir dos parâmetros técnicos brasileiros existentes, os critérios para o melhor aproveitamento para bolsas de concentrados de hemácias de baixo volume (CHBV) produzidas na Fundação HEMOPA. Material e métodos: Foram analisados volume, teor de hemoglobina e hematócrito de 525 bolsas de CHBV provenientes de bolsas duplas sem adição de conservante; triplas convencional com adição de SAG-M (soro fisiológico, adenina, glicose e manitol); triplas top and bottom (TAB) com adição de SAG-M; e quádruplas TAB com filtro "in line" e adição de SAG-M. Resultados: Foi observado que 71,43% (375/525) das bolsas de CHBV, independente do tipo da bolsa, apresentavam-se em conformidade para hematócrito e teor de hemoglobina em relação à legislação. As bolsas duplas e triplas convencionais apresentaram os maiores valores de teor de hemoglobina. Observou-se ainda que as bolsas de sangue total coletadas com volumes entre 350 e 404 ml geraram bolsas de CHBV com os menores índices de descarte. O maior descarte das bolsas de CHBV ocorreu quando o volume final ≤250 mL e hemoglobina ≤ 16 g/dL. Conclusão: Observou-se que o melhor aproveitamento das bolsas de CHBV ocorreu quando as bolsas de sangue total se encontravam com volumes entre 350 e 404 mL e as bolsas de CHBV apresentavam volume final ≥ 250 mL e hemoglobina ≥ 16g/dL.(AU)

ABSTRACT: Introduction: The production of whole blood bags with a lower volume than expected is approved in the Consolidation Ordinance number 05/2017; however, its dispensation today takes into account only the hemoglobin and hematocrit content of the bag. Objective: From the existing Brazilian technical parameters, determine the criteria for the best clinical use for low-volume red cell concentrate (LVRCC) bags produced at the HEMOPA Foundation. Material and methods: We analyzed volume, hemoglobin content, and hematocrit of 525 LVRCC bags from double bags without addition of preservative; conventional triple bags with the addition of SAG-M (saline, adenine, glucose, and mannitol); triples bags top and bottom (TAB) with the addition of SAG-M, and quadruple bags TAB with "in line" filter and the addition of SAG-M. Results: It was observed that 71.43% (375/525) of bags of LVRCC, regardless of bag type, were in conformance with hematocrit and hemoglobin content concerning Brazilian legislation. With the double and conventional triple bags, they had the highest values of hemoglobin content. It was also observed that the bags of whole blood collected with volumes between 350 and 404 mL generated LVRCC bags with the lowest rate of discard. The greatest discard of LVRCC bags occurred when the final volume ≤ 250 mL and hemoglobin ≤ 16 g/dL. Conclusion: It was observed that the best use of LVRCC bags occurred when the whole blood bags were between 350 and 404 mL and the LVRCC bags had a final volume ≥ 250 mL and hemoglobin ≥ 16 g/dL. (AU)

Hemovigilância das reações transfusionais imediatas: ocorrências, demanda e capacidade de atendimento / Hemovigilance de reacciones transfusionales inmediatas: ocurrencias, demanda y capacidad de atención / Hemovigilance of immediate transfusion reactions: occurrences, demand and care capacity

Objetivo: identificar e discutir a ocorrência de reações transfusionais imediatas, considerando o tipo de hemocomponente transfundido, demanda e capacidade de atendimento em um Hospital Universitário do estado da Bahia, Brasil. Método: estudo de caso, retrospectivo, quantitativo, realizado por meio de levantamento de registros e documentos. Análise descritiva das frequências e percentuais das ocorrências e tipologias das Reações Transfusionais, bem como da demanda e capacidade de atendimento da unidade de hemoterapia deste hospital. Resultados: frequência de 6,43% de Reações Transfusionais imediatas/1.000 hemocomponentes transfundidos. A Reação Febril Não Hemolítica e a Reação Alérgica foram as que mais ocorreram. Maior número de Reações Transfusionais foram do grau I (97,5%); os concentrados de hemácias (44,1%) e de plaquetas (41,9%) foram os hemocomponentes envolvidos na maioria das Reações Transfusionais. Conclusão: a unidade estudada mostrou capacidade de atendimento à demanda, com notificação das reações transfusionais e destaque de tais ações para contínuo aperfeiçoamento da qualidade.

Objetivo: identificar y discutir la aparición de reacciones transfusionales inmediatas, considerando el tipo de componente sanguíneo transfundido, la demanda y la capacidad de atención en un Hospital Universitario en el estado de Bahía, Brasil. Método: estudio de caso práctico, retrospectivo, cuantitativo, realizado a través de la recopilación de registros y documentos. Análisis descriptivo de las frecuencias y porcentajes de ocurrencias y tipologías de reacciones transfusiones, así como la demanda y capacidad de la unidad de hemoterapia de este hospital. Resultados: frecuencia del 6,43% de las reacciones transfusiones inmediatas/1.000 componentes sanguíneos transfundidos. La Reacción Febril No-hemolítica y la Reacción Alérgica fueron las que más ocurrieron. El mayor número de reacciones transfusionales fue el grado I (97,5%); los concentrados de glóbulos rojos (44,1%) y plaquetas (41,9%) fueron los componentes sanguíneos involucrados en la mayoría de las reacciones transfusiones. Conclusión: los resultados demostraron la importancia de comprender las potencialidades y desafíos de las familias para cuidar a los ancianos en el hogar.

Objective: to identify and discuss the occurrence of immediate transfusion reactions, considering the type of transfused blood component, demand and care capacity in a University Hospital in the state of Bahia, Brazil. Method: case, retrospective, quantitative study, performed through the collection of records and documents. Descriptive analysis of the frequencies and percentages of occurrences and typologies of Transfusion Reactions, as well as the demand and capacity of the hemotherapy unit of this hospital. Results: frequency of 6.43% of immediate Transfusion Reactions/1,000 transfused blood components. The Nonhemolytic Febrile Reaction and Allergic Reaction were the ones that most occurred. The highest number of Transfusion Reactions were grade I (97.5%); red blood cell concentrates (44.1%) and platelets (41.9%) were the blood components involved in most Transfusion Reactions. Conclusion: the unit studied showed capacity to meet the demand, with notification of transfusion reactions and highlighting such actions for continuous quality improvement.

Impact of COVID-19 on blood donation and supply in Africa

No abstract available

Determining the true incidence of acute transfusion reactions: Active surveillance at a specialized liver center

ABSTRACT Background: Blood transfusion is a life-saving procedure, but may cause adverse transfusion reactions (TRs). The reporting of TRs is often missed due to various reasons. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of unreported acute TRs through active surveillance and to compare it with the incidence of passively reported TRs. Methods: This prospective observational study was done over a period of four months at a tertiary care hospital. A total of 500 consecutive transfusion episodes (TEs) in patients who had received blood component transfusions in the intensive care units were included in the study. Comprehensive data were collected from the blood bank records, patient records and through interviews with the attending clinical staff. The TEs were defined as all blood components issued to a single patient in 24 h. Results: The overall incidence of TRs was 1.8 % (9 cases), with 0.4 % (2 cases) being reported passively, while 1.4 % (7 cases) were identified during active surveillance. The transfusion-associated cardiac overload (TACO) had the highest incidence of 1.2 % (6 cases) in active surveillance. A single case of acute hemolytic transfusion reaction was also observed during active surveillance. The passively reported TRs were one allergic reaction and one febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction. Conclusion: Active surveillance of TRs provided an insight into the true incidence of TRs, which is higher when compared with the passively reported TRs. The TACO was found to have the highest incidence and not a single case was reported. There is a need to improve awareness regarding TR reporting.

Causas de rechazo de donantes de sangre de un hospital del sur peruano / Reasons for blood donor deferral in a Southern Peruvian hospital

Introducción: La donación de sangre salva vidas, por lo que la seguridad de la sangre es lo más importante de todo el proceso. La localización demográfica conduce a tener causas específicas de diferimiento. Vivir en zonas altoandinas produciría cambios adaptativos hematológicos. Es por esta razón que resulta importante conocer las causas de rechazo y así poder reorientar los programas de promoción de donación de sangre. Objetivo: Determinar las causas de rechazo de donantes de sangre de un hospital del sur peruano a 3825 m. s. n. m. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal, de corte retrospectivo, sobre las causas de rechazo de posibles donantes de sangre del Hospital III EsSalud, Juliaca. Se analizaron los registros de predonantes que fueron rechazados, desde enero del 2014 a diciembre del 2018. Los datos se analizaron en el programa STATA v.14. Resultados: De los posibles predonantes seleccionados (4057), 1699 (41,87 por ciento) fueron mujeres y 2358 (58,13 por ciento) fueron varones. Fueron diferidos 1458 (41,87 por ciento), los varones tuvieron la tasa de rechazo más alta 882 (60,49 por ciento) en comparación con las mujeres 576 (39,51 por ciento). La polieritrocitemia fue la causa más frecuente de rechazo 669 (45,8 por ciento). Conclusiones: La tasa de rechazo fue moderada (35,93 por ciento) y la principal causa, fue el hematocrito alto (68,4 por ciento), seguido por el bajo (6,8 por ciento).

Introduction: Blood donation saves lives. Blood safety is thus the most important factor throughout the whole process. Demographic location accounts for specific reasons for deferral. Living in high Andean areas causes adaptive hematological changes. Therefore, it is important to be aware of the reasons for deferral with a view to reorienting blood donation promotion programs. Objective: Determine the reasons for blood donor deferral in a Southern Peruvian hospital 3 935 m amsl. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted of the reasons for deferral of potential blood donors in EsSalud III Hospital in Juliaca. An analysis was performed of the records of pre-donors deferred from January 2014 to December 2018. The data were processed with the software STATA version 14. Results: Of the potential pre-donors selected (4 057), 1 699 (41.87 percent) were women and 2 358 (58.13 percent) were men. A total 1 458 (41.87 percent) were deferred. Men had the highest deferral rate with 882 (60.49 percent), whereas the rate for women was 576 (39.51 percent). Polyerythrocythemia was the most common reason for deferral with 669 (45.8 percent). Conclusions: The deferral rate was moderate (35.93 percent) and the main reason was high hematocrit (68.4 percent), followed by low hematocrit (6.8 percent)(AU)

Epidemiologia das reações transfusionais em pacientes internados em um hospital de urgência de Goiânia / Epidemiology of transfusion reactions in patients interned in anemergency hospital in Goiânia

Hemovigilância pode ser definida como um conjunto de procedimentos de inspeção da cadeia transfusional. Esta obtém e processa informações de efeitos colaterais ou inesperados, resultantes do uso terapêutico de componentes lábeis do sangue e hemoderivados. O objetivo do estudo foi identificar e mapear a incidência de reações transfusionais que ocorram nos setores de um hospital de urgências de grande porte do estado de Goiás por meio das notificações realizadas no Notivisa, no período da sua inauguração em 2015 a julho de 2019. Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, descritivo e transversal. A coleta de dados foi realizada através das fichas de notificação de incidentes transfusionais no Sistema de Informação Notivisa. Como resultado foi observado que o concentrado de hemácias é o componente sanguíneo que ocasionou mais reações transfusionais, onde a maioria das reações foi classificada como imediatas, em pacientes do sexo masculino com idade acima de 60 anos

Hemovigilance can be defined as a set of procedures for inspecting the transfusion chain. It obtains and processes information on side or unexpected effects resulting from the therapeutic use of labile blood components and blood products. The objective of the study was to identify and map the incidence of transfusion reactions that occur in the sectors of a large emergency hospital in the state of Goiás through the notifications made at Notivisa, during the period of its inauguration in 2015 to July 2019. A quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional study. Data collection was performed using the transfusion incident notification forms in the Notivisa Information System. As a result, it was observed that the red blood cell concentrate is the blood component that caused the most transfusion reactions, where most reactions were classified as immediate, in male patients over the age of 60 years

Complicatedness associated to whole blood discard in the Hemotherapy Service in the National Institute of Cancer / Complicações associadas ao descarte de sangue total no Serviço de Hemoterapia do Instituto Nacional de Cancer

Objective: The aim of this study is to minimize the whole blood discharge in the donor collection room to increase viable total blood units. Methods: The data were extracted from the computer systems of Hemotherapy Service in the National Institute of Cancer from 2012 to 2015. The bivariate analysis in Excel® was used. Results: 46,478 (100%) whole blood unit were collected, out of which 44,686 (96.14%) were used, 1,792 (3.86%) were discarded at donor collection room. The discard indicators were: slow flow 576 (32.14%), difficult venous access 438 (24.44%), interrupted flow 293 (16.35%), reaction during collection 198 (11.05%) and high volume 142 (7.92%). A discard of 2,722 blood bag inputs and 14 complications were noticed. Conclusion: In donor reactions, we observed psychological and physiological factors that must be considered during puncture. The research suggests it is possible to minimize the discard and optimize the quality of service with the implementation of a theoretical/practical training on complications related to non-compliances, as well as the review and updating of documents. A trained, cohesive and stable collection team helps to minimize the discard of whole blood unit due to complications.

Objetivo: Minimizar o descarte de sangue total na sala de coleta de doadores para aumentar as unidades de sangue total viáveis. Métodos: Os dados foram extraídos dos sistemas informatizados do Serviço de Hemoterapia do Instituto Nacional de Câncer de 2012 a 2015. A análise bivariada Excel® foi usada. Resultados: Foram coletadas 46.478 (100%) unidades de sangue total, das quais 44.686 (96,14%) foram utilizadas, 1.792 (3,86%) foram descartadas na sala de coleta do doador. Os indicadores de descarte foram: fluxo lento 576 (32,14%), acesso venoso difícil 438 (24,44%), fluxo interrompido 293 (16,35%), reação durante a coleta 198 (11,05%) e alto volume 142 (7,92%). Descartes de 2.722 insumos de bolsa de sangue e 14 complicações foram notados. Conclusão: Nas reações dos doadores, observamos fatores psicológicos e fisiológicos que devem ser considerados durante a punção. A pesquisa sugere que é possível minimizar o descarte e otimizar a qualidade do serviço com a implementação de um treinamento teórico/prático sobre complicações relacionadas a não conformidades, bem como a revisão e atualização de documentos. Uma equipe de coleta treinada, coesa e estável ajuda a minimizar o descarte de sangue total devido a complicações.

Prevalence and trends in transfusion-transmissible infections among blood donors in Brazil from 2010 to 2016

ABSTRACT Background: Assessing trends in the rate of transfusion-transmissible infections (TTIs) in blood donors is critical to the monitoring of the blood supply safety and the donor screening effectiveness. The objective of this study was to conduct a trend analysis of TTIs and associated demographic factors of donors at a public blood bank in the central Brazil. Methods: A retrospective analysis (2010-2016) of blood donation data was performed to determine the prevalence of markers for TTIs. Multinomial and multivariate logistic regression were used to verify the association between the explanatory variables and TTIs. The trend was evaluated with the Prais Winsten's regression analysis. Results: The prevalence of TTIs was 4.04% (5,553 donors) among 137,209 donors, with a steady trend in the analyzed period. The seroprevalence for the hepatitis B virus (HBV), syphilis, hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Chagas disease, and human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) were 1.63%, 0.87%, 0.46%, 0.21%, 0.21% and 0.09%, respectively. The prevalence of HBV decreased (b = −0.021, p < 0.001), while syphilis increased (b = 0.112; p = 0.001), during the period investigated. The probability for a positive test for TTI was higher among donors with a low level of education, aged ≥30 years old, without stable marital status, and first-time donors. Conclusions: Even with the reduction in HBV, the increased rate of syphilis may have contributed to the fact that the overall rate of TTIs did not decrease in the evaluated period.

Trypanosoma cruzi infection in transfusion medicine

ABSTRACT Introduction: Infection by Trypanosoma cruzi is challenging to blood bank supplies in terms of accurate diagnosis, mostly due to its clinical complexity. Infected individuals may remain asymptomatic for years, albeit they may have circulating parasites potentially transferable to eventual receptors of a transfusion. Objective: Although risk donors are systematically excluded through a survey, an important residual risk for transmission remains, evidencing the need to implement additional actions for the detection of T. cruzi in blood banks. Method: A review of the scientific literature is presented with the objective of identifying relevant publications on this subject. Results: We discuss the diagnostic considerations of this chronic infection on transfusion medicine and some recent advances in the processing of blood and derivatives units. Conclusion: Finally, recommendations are made on how the transmission of T. cruzi can be avoided through the implementation of better diagnostic and pathogen control measures at blood banks.

Avaliação de marcadores sorológicos treponêmicos e não-treponêmicos em doadores inaptos para sífilis atendidos em um hemocentro brasileiro / Evaluation of treponemal and non-treponemal serological markers in unfit blood donors for syphilis in a brazilian blood center

Introdução: A sífilis é uma doença infecciosa sistêmica de evolução crônica, causada pela bactéria Treponema pallidum, que pode ser transmitida por transfusões de sangue. A avaliação dos marcadores sorológicos na triagem para sífilis em doadores de sangue é fundamental para confirmar se o sangue doado pode estar contaminado com T. pallidum ou se há descarte por reações inespecíficas. Métodos: A população foi composta por doadores de sangue atendidos em todas as unidades do Hemopa, que atenderam aos critérios do estudo. Houve análise dos resultados obtidos através do VDRL e ELISA e informações socioeconômicas sobre a população: sexo, idade, escolaridade e estado civil, obtidos a partir do registro de doadores. Resultados: Durante o período do estudo, houve 103.187 doações de sangue. Um total de 883 doadores foram considerados inaptos para sífilis no teste de triagem (0,86%) e 271 pessoas (30,69%) compareceram ao hemocentro para realização de testes confirmatórios: 50,6% homens; 49,4% mulheres; idade média de 34 anos. Mais da metade declarou ter ensino médio completo e a maioria (75,6%) relatou ser solteiros. Mais de 50% dos doadores apresentaram titulação menor que 1/16; 91,5% também apresentou reatividade em ELISA. 15 pessoas (5,5%) apresentaram outro resultado reagente além da sífilis. Conclusão: Houve mais de 90% de resultados concordantes entre teste treponêmico e não treponêmico em nossa triagem laboratorial. Esses resultados podem auxiliar instituições na estratégia de triagem para sífilis em doadores de sangue. (AU)

Introduction: Syphilis is a chronic systemic infectious disease caused by Treponema pallidum, which can be transmitted by blood transfusions. The evaluation of serological markers for syphilis screening in blood donors is crucial to confirm whether the donated blood may be contaminated with T. pallidum or if it is discarded by nonspecific reactions. The aim of this study was to describe results obtained between nontreponemal and treponemal serological tests and sociodemographic profile of blood donors in a Brazilian blood center. Methods: The population consisted of all blood donors attended at Fundação Hemopa, who met the study criteria. The results obtained through the VDRL and ELISA tests, as well as socioeconomic information about the population ­ gender, age, education and marital status ­ were analyzed. Results: During the study period, there were 103,187 blood donations. 883 donors were considered unfit for syphilis in the screening test (0.86%) and 271 of these (30.69%) attended the blood center for confirmatory testing: 50.6% men; 49.4% women; average age 34 years. More than half reported having completed high school and 75.6% reported being single. More than 50% of donors had titers less than 1/16; 91.5% also had ELISA reactivity. Fifteen people (5.5%) presented another reagent result in serological screening besides syphilis. Conclusions: There were more than 90% concordant results between treponemal and non-treponemal testing in our laboratory screening. These results may assist institutions in the screening strategy for syphilis in blood donors. (AU)

Reacción transfusional hemolítica retardada por aloanticuerpo anti-E / Reação transfusional hemolítica tardia por aloanticorpo anti-E / Delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction by anti-E alloantibody

Se presentó el caso de una señora de 47 años, grupo sanguíneo O Rh D positivo, G4P2A2, sin antecedente transfusional, que requería intervención quirúrgica por fibroma uterino sangrante. Las pruebas pretransfusionales resultaron compatibles, transfundiéndole dos concentrados de hematíes, sin presentar manifestaciones clínicas; trascurridos siete días, presentó una crisis hemolítica, con caída brusca de los parámetros hematológicos, palidez cutáneo-mucosa e íctero. Los estudios inmunohematológicos fueron positivos; la muestra de sangre de la enferma fue incompatible con un hijo, esposo y los hematíes transfundidos. Seis meses después se identificó un aloanticuerpo anti-E (es aquél anticuerpo que se produce como resultado de la exposición de un organismo a antígenos extraños) (128 diluciones) en la paciente. Se concluye que la paciente se aloinmunizó durante sus embarazos con un anticuerpo anti-E, donde la transfusión sanguínea fue el estímulo antigénico causante de la reacción transfusional hemolítica tardía(AU)

We present the case of a 47-year-old woman, blood group O Rh D positive, G4P2A2, with no transfusion history, which required surgical intervention due to bleeding uterine fibroma. The pretransfusional tests were compatible, transfusing two concentrates of red blood cells, without presenting clinical manifestations; after seven days, he presented a haemolytic crisis, with abrupt fall in hematological parameters, cutaneous-mucosal pallor and icterus. The immunohematological studies were positive; the patient's blood sample was incompatible with a son, husband and the transfused red blood cells. Six months later, an anti-E alloantibody (128 dilutions) was identified in the patient. It is concluded that the patient was alloimmunized during her pregnancies with an anti-E antibody, where the blood transfusion was the antigenic stimulus causing the late hemolytic transfusion reaction. Apresentamos o caso de uma mulher de 47 anos, grupo sanguíneo O Rh D positivo, G4P2A2, sem histórico transfusional, que necessitou de intervenção cirúrgica devido ao sangramento do fibroma uterino. Os exames pré-transfusionais foram compatíveis, transfundindo dois concentrados de hemácias, sem apresentar manifestações clínicas; Após sete dias, apresentou crise hemolítica, com queda abrupta nos parâmetros hematológicos, palidez cutâneo-mucosa e icterícia. Os estudos imuno-hematológicos foram positivos; a amostra de sangue do paciente era incompatível com um filho, marido e hemácias transfundidas. Seis meses depois, um aloanticorpo anti-E (128 diluições) foi identificado no paciente. Conclui-se que a paciente foi aloimunizada durante a gestação com anticorpo anti-E, sendo a hemotransfusão o estímulo antigênico causador da reação transfusional hemolítica tardia(AU)

Apresentamos o caso de uma mulher de 47 anos, grupo sanguíneo O Rh D positivo, G4P2A2, sem histórico transfusional, que necessitou de intervenção cirúrgica devido ao sangramento do fibroma uterino. Os exames pré-transfusionais foram compatíveis, transfundindo dois concentrados de hemácias, sem apresentar manifestações clínicas; Após sete dias, apresentou crise hemolítica, com queda abrupta nos parâmetros hematológicos, palidez cutâneo-mucosa e icterícia. Os estudos imuno-hematológicos foram positivos; a amostra de sangue do paciente era incompatível com um filho, marido e hemácias transfundidas. Seis meses depois, um aloanticorpo anti-E (128 diluições) foi identificado no paciente. Conclui-se que a paciente foi aloimunizada durante a gestação com anticorpo anti-E, sendo a hemotransfusão o estímulo antigênico causador da reação transfusional hemolítica tardia(AU)

Una mirada crítica a las consideraciones preanalíticas de gases sanguíneos / Uma análise crítica das considerações pré-analíticas dos gases sangüíneos / A critical look at the preanalytical considerations of blood gases

Introducción: uno de los asuntos menos discutidos y que poco se entiende del mismo, es la seguridad del paciente. Hace poco tiempo se ha convertido en un tema ubicuo y polémico, especialmente para algunas organizaciones médicas. Objetivo: sistematizar referentes teóricos relacionados con las particularidades del proceso de toma de muestra y análisis de los gases en sangre. Método: se revisan los principales elementos que gravitan en esta fase para el análisis de los gases sanguíneos, así como la influencia que estos pueden tener en la calidad de los resultados y las prácticas clínicas y de laboratorio para optimizarla. Desarrollo: la fase preanalítica es aquella que antecede a la realización de un ensayo o estudio de laboratorio e incluye la preparación del paciente, la confección de la solicitud de análisis y los cuidados para la obtención de las muestras. La atención que el médico de asistencia y el personal del laboratorio concedan a esta fase es directamente proporcional a la calidad de los resultados que se obtendrán. Conclusiones: el análisis de pH y gases sanguíneos deben ser considerados siempre como un estudio de urgencia. La muestra no debe permanecer por más de diez minutos a temperatura ambiente y cuando el análisis demore más de 15 minutos, la muestra deberá ser conservada en agua con hielo(AU)

Introduction: one of the least discussed issues and that little is understood about it, is patient safety. It has recently become a ubiquitous and controversial issue, especially for some medical organizations. Objective: to systematize theoretical references related to the particularities of the process of sample taking and analysis of blood gases. Method: the main elements that gravitate in this phase are analyzed for the blood gas analysis, as well as the influence that these can have on the quality of the results and the clinical and laboratory practices to optimize it. Development: the preanalytical phase is the one that precedes the performance of a trial or laboratory study and includes the preparation of the patient, the preparation of the analysis request and the care for obtaining the samples. The attention that the attending physician and laboratory staff give to this phase is directly proportional to the quality of the results that will be obtained. Conclusions: the analysis of pH and blood gases should always be considered as an emergency study. The sample should not remain for more than ten minutes at room temperature and when the analysis takes more than 15 minutes, the sample should be stored in ice water(au)

Introdução: uma das questões menos discutidas e que pouco é entendido sobre isso, é a segurança do paciente. Tornou-se recentemente uma questão onipresente e controversa, especialmente para algumas organizações médicas. Objetivo: sistematizar referenciais teóricos relacionados às particularidades do processo de coleta de amostras e análise de gases sangüíneos. Método: os principais elementos que gravitam nesta fase são analisados para a gasometria, assim como a influência que estes podem ter na qualidade dos resultados e nas práticas clínicas e laboratoriais para otimizá-la. Desenvolvimento: a fase pré-analítica é aquela que precede a realização de uma pesquisa ou estudo laboratorial e inclui a preparação do paciente, a elaboração do pedido de análise e o cuidado para obtenção das amostras. A atenção que o médico assistente e o pessoal de laboratório dão a essa fase é diretamente proporcional à qualidade dos resultados que serão obtidos. Conclusões: a análise do pH e dos gases sanguíneos deve ser sempre considerada como um estudo de emergência. A amostra não deve permanecer por mais de dez minutos em temperatura ambiente e quando a análise demora mais de 15 minutos, a amostra deve ser armazenada em água gelada(AU)

Patient blood management

I was invited to an interest group meeting at Inanda Club, Sandton that was hosted by the Gastro Foundation. It was a beautiful sunny Saturday morning and the room was filled with familiar faces. What better way to spend a Saturday morning: great food, excellent company and brilliant discussions

Evaluation de l'outil de sélection des candidats au don pour améliorer la qualité des produits dérivés de sang à l'Hôpital du Mali

Introduction : La sécurité transfusionnelle constitue un défi majeur dans les pays en développement. La sélection médicale est un élément essentiel dans la stratégie visant à réduire la transmission d'agents infectieux Mali. Dans ce travail nous avons évalué l'outil utilisé pour le screening pré-don dans l'unité de banque de sang de l'hôpital du Mali. Matériel et Méthodes : Il s'agissait d'une étude prospective du 30 mars 2016 au 14 février 2017 incluant tous les candidats au don de sang. Après la sélection médicale, une qualification biologique a été réalisée au niveau du Centre National de Transfusion Sanguine notamment pour les 4 infections transmissibles obligatoires de l'OMS (VHB, VHC, VIH et Syphilis). Résultats : Au total, 726 candidats au don ont été inclus. La moyenne d'âge était de 30,72 ± 8,8 ans, compris entre 17 et 60 ans. Le sex-ratio H/F était : 8,48. Il s'agissait dans 83,5% des cas d'un don de compensation, 67% étaient à leur premier don. La sélection médicale a permis d'écarter 108 candidats pour des raisons diverses. Sur les 618 candidats retenus, 79 soit 12,8% des PSL n'étaient pas qualifiés pour la distribution pour VIH (0,3%), VHB (10,7%), VHC (1,8%), syphilis (0,3%) et co-infection VHB+VHC (0,3%). Conclusion : Cette étude nous a permis d'identifier quelques insuffisances de l'outil. Nous concluons que cet outil utilisé pour la sélection médicale doit être amélioré

Safety of blood mixture transfusion by rapid infusion device in liver transplantation recipients

BACKGROUND: Information on biochemical changes following rapid transfusion of blood mixtures in liver transplantation patients is limited. METHODS: A blood mixture composed of red blood cells, fresh frozen plasma, and 0.9% saline was prepared in a ratio of 1 unit:1 unit:250 ml. During massive hemorrhage, 300 ml of the blood mixture was repeatedly transfused. A blood mixture sample as well as pre- and post-transfusion arterial blood samples were collected at the first, third, fifth, and seventh bolus transfusions. Changes in pH, hematocrit, electrolytes, and glucose were measured with a point-of-care analyzer. The biochemical changes were described, and the factors driving the changes were sought through linear mixed effects analysis. RESULTS: A total of 120 blood samples from 10 recipients were examined. Potassium and sodium levels became normalized during preservation. Biochemical changes in the blood mixture were significantly related to the duration of blood bank storage and reservoir preservation (average R2 = 0.41). Acute acidosis and hypocalcemia requiring immediate correction occurred with each transfusion. Both the pre-transfusion value of the patient and the blood mixture value were significant predictors of post-transfusion changes in the body (average R2 = 0.87); however, the former was more crucial. CONCLUSIONS: Rapid infusion of blood mixture is relatively safe because favorable biochemical changes occur during storage in the reservoir, and the composition of the blood mixture has little effect on the body during rapid transfusion in liver recipients. However, acute hypocalcemia and acidosis requiring immediate correction occurred frequently due to limited citrate metabolism in the liver recipients.

Estimation of the Residual Risk of Transfusion-Transmissible Infectious Agents in Korea / 대한수혈학회지

BACKGROUND: The risk of transfusion-transmissible infections (TTIs) of HBV, HCV, and HIV in Korea has been reduced significantly by strengthening the blood safety policies. On the other hand, the risk of TTI still exists due to the diagnostic window period or viral variants. METHODS: The residual risks of TTI of HBV, HCV, and HIV were calculated from July 1, 2012 to June 30, 2018 by dividing the data into two year sets. The residual risk was conducted by separating the donors who donated only once and those who donated more than once during each period. RESULTS: In the first two years, the residual risks of HBV, HCV, and HIV were calculated to be 17.54/106, 0.42/106, and 0.30/106 respectively. The residual risk of HBV and HCV over the last two years was calculated to be 9.41/106 and 0.27/106, showing a tendency to decrease with time. On the other hand, the residual risk of HIV over the last two years was calculated to be 0.29/106, showing no significant difference. The residual risk in the donors who donated only once was higher than that in the donors who donated more than once during each period. CONCLUSION: The real transfusion-transmitted infection can be different from the estimated residual risk in this study because this study was based on the thesis that all NAT-reactive blood components cause infection. Because the residual risk of HBV is higher than HCV and HIV, it was considered that the safety measures for the HBV need to be improved continuously.